Chinese letter to king george iii biography

King George III (r. 1760-1810) and theQianlong emperor (r. 1735-1796) were two of the eighteenth century's longest-reigning and most powerful monarchs in the world. Although the impetus for the British mission, led by George Macartney in 1793, is often cast in largely economic and diplomatic terms, the embassy reveals the divergent cultural frameworks guiding each empire's actions. Unable to speak Chinese, Macartney relied on Jesuit priests serving in the Qing court and other Qing translators to put the carefully crafted letter of King George III (with considerable input from Macartney himself) into Chinese. Unbeknownst to Macartney, the Chinese version of the letter viewed by Qianlong adopted a much more submissive tone quite different from the English version submitted by Macartney, included next.

Questions

• 1. What goals does King George set out in this letter to Qianlong?
• 2. Does King George Ill's letter e